Reducing the amount of forest-risk products from ending up in landfills by encouraging the reuse of primary products and use of secondary products. This includes recycling or “upcycling”, designing products for reuse, and avoiding waste embodied in products through their extraction, manufacturing, and delivery processes. This includes using new technologies to reduce waste during primary production, construction and/or increasing harvesting efficiency in long-life products such as a mass timber building or furniture.

1. Establish a commitment to zero waste that underscores the importance of conserving tropical forests in doing so. This may focus on food or more items within or outside of municipal operations. For example:
   

   1. Many cities have moved towards implementing these commitments, such as Vancouver, Oakland, and Florianópolis (Brazil). Networks have also emerged to support these commitments such as the National Zero Waste Council, Zero Waste EU cities, and the Zero Waste Institute Brazil. 
      

2. Adopt and/or adapt a city climate mitigation, adaptation, resilience plan or circular economy strategy that includes actions on prioritizing deforestation-free foods and forest-risk products. In the right places, reforestation and afforestation can be highly effective nature-based solutions for planning for city climate mitigation, adaptation, and future resiliency. For example:  

   1. The City of Amsterdam has adopted a circular economy policy, which aims to halve the consumption of new raw materials by 2030 and have a fully-functional circular economy by 2050. This was launched with the support of a citizen-led group called Amsterdam Doughnut Coalition. 
      

   2. The recent EU Circular Economy Action Plan recognizes that climate neutrality requires both circularity and carbon removals from nature-based solutions. While this may not currently be the most direct means of conserving tropical forests, there potential on a large scale to reduce impacts on tropical forests.